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Rank Order Strategy Effect Size Achievement
Gain		 Category
1 Collective Teacher Efficacy (Collaboration) 1.34 41% Assessment & Planning
2 Teacher High Expectations (Positive Estimate of Student Achievement) 1.29 40% Assessment & Planning
3 Teacher Responsiveness (Immediacy) 1.06 35% Strategy
4 Process Science Instruction (Conceptual Change) 1.04 35% Content
6 Micro-Teaching (Video Review of Lessons) 0.99 33% Technology
7 Outcome-Based Education (OBE) 0.98 33% Strategy
8 Phonics Instruction (Science of Reading) 0.97 33% Content
9 IQ & Achievement 0.96 33% Assessment & Planning
10 Lesson Design 0.95 33% Assessment & Planning
11 Jigsaw Method 0.93 32% Strategy
12 Analogy (Storytelling) 0.92 32% Strategy
12 Constructivist Teaching (Cognitive Developmental Knowledge) 0.92 32% Strategy
13 Math Reasoning Instruction (Conceptual Math) 0.89 31% Content
14 Class Debate 0.88 31% Strategy
15 Teacher Clarity (Instructions) 0.87 30% Strategy
16 Blended Learning (Flipped Classrooms) 0.86 30% Technology
17 Note taking, Outlining & Summarizing 0.85 30% Strategy
18 Phonemic Awareness 0.84 29% Content
19 Student Planning (Predicting) 0.83 29% Strategy
20 Decreasing Disruptive Behavior 0.82 29% Strategy
21 Student Self-Assessment (Reflection) 0.81 29% Student
22 Repeated Reading 0.80 28% Strategy
23 Critical Thinking 0.79 28% Strategy
24 Project Based Learning (PBL) 0.78 28% Strategy
24 STEM Instruction (Labs) 0.78 28% Content
25 Student Effort (Engagement) 0.77 28% Student
25 Second Language Learning 0.77 28% Content
26 Study Abroad 0.76 27% External
27 Transfer Strategies (Application of Learning) 0.75 27% Strategy
28 Reciprocal Teaching 0.74 27% Strategy
29 MTSS / RTI 0.73 26% Assessment & Planning
29 Math Procedures (Procedural Math) 0.73 26% Content
30 Reading Intervention 0.72 26% Content
31 Deliberate Practice & Memorization (Rehearsal) 0.71 26% Strategy
32 Digital Writing Instruction 0.70 26% Technology
33 Digital Second Language Instruction 0.68 25% Technology
34 Student Self-Efficacy (GRIT ) 0.67 25% Student
34 Visual Perception Learning 0.67 25% Strategy
34 Mastery Learning (Explicit Instruction & Competency Based) 0.67 25% Strategy
35 Visual Models (Concept Mapping) 0.66 24% Strategy
35 Peer Tutoring 0.66 24% Strategy
35 Self-Control (Delayed Gratification) 0.66 24% Student
35 Classroom Cohesion (Community) 0.66 24% Strategy
35 Intervention (Students w/Learning Needs) 0.66 26% Strategy
36 Mnemonics (Memory Retention) 0.65 24% Strategy
36 Vocabulary Instruction 0.65 24% Content
37 Prior Knowledge (KWL) 0.64 24% Assessment & Planning
37 Success Criteria (Learning Intentions) 0.64 24% Assessment & Planning
37 Working Memory Practice 0.64 24% Strategy
38 Standardized Testing 0.63 23% Assessment & Planning
38 Augmented Reality (AR) 0.63 23% Technology
39 Studying 0.62 23% Strategy
39 Cooperative Learning 0.62 23% Strategy
39 Instructional Match (Differentiation) 0.62 23% Assessment & Planning
40 Teacher Autonomy 0.60 23% Strategy
40 Self-Directed Learning (Intrinsic Motivation ) 0.60 23% Strategy
41 High Family SES (Socio-Economic Status) 0.59 22% External
41 Drama Based Instruction 0.59 22% Strategy
42 Comprehensive Math Instruction 0.58 22% Content
42 Metacognition (Self-Verbalization) 0.58 22% Strategy
43 Special Education Assistive Technology (AT) 0.57 21% Technology
43 Comprehensive Reading Instruction 0.57 21% Content
43 Positive Teacher-Student Relationship 0.57 21% Student
44 Reading Comprehension Instruction 0.56 21% Content
44 IPads & Touch Devices 0.56 21% Technology
45 Acceleration (Strengths & Enrichment) 0.55 21% Strategy
45 Positive Self-Concept 0.55 21% Student
45 Virtual Reality (VR) 0.55 21% Technology
46 Social & Emotional Learning (SEL) (Emotional Intelligence) 0.54 20% Student
46 Montessori 0.54 20% Strategy
47 Positive School Climate 0.53 20% Assessment & Planning
47 Service Learning (Community Involvement) 0.53 20% External
47 Spelling Instruction 0.53 20% Content
47 Comprehensive Science Instruction 0.53 20% Content
47 Math Digital Games Instruction 0.53 20% Technology
48 Scaffolding (Gradual Release) 0.52 20% Assessment & Planning
48 Inclusion (Mainstreaming) 0.52 20% Strategy
48 Play-Based Opportunities (K-12) 0.52 20% Strategy
48 Classroom Math Instruction in Small Groups 0.52 20% Content
48 AI Digital Tutoring (Intelligence Tutoring Systems – ITS) 0.52 20% Technology
49 Early Childhood Education (for at-risk students) 0.51 19% Content
49 Fostering Creativity in the Classroom 0.51 19% Content
49 Comprehensive Writing Instruction 0.51 19% Content
50 Providing Student Feedback 0.50 19% Assessment & Planning
51 Parental Expectations 0.49 18% External
51 Self & Peer Assessment 0.49 18% Assessment & Planning
51 Outdoor Adventure Programs 0.49 18% External
51 Practice Testing (Retrieval Practice) 0.49 18% Assessment & Planning
51 Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) 0.49 18% Strategy
52 Teacher Professional Development (PD) 0.48 18% Assessment & Planning
52 Exposure to Books and Reading 0.48 18% Content
52 Robotics 0.48 18% Technology
53 Reading Recovery Method 0.47 18% Content
53 Time-on-Task 0.47 18% Student
53 Reading Fluency 0.47 18% Content
54 Coding Instruction 0.46 17% Technology
54 Small Group Learning w/in Class 0.46 17% Strategy
55 Student Sense of Belonging 0.45 17% Student
55 Age within Class 0.45 17% Student
56 Exercise & Fitness 0.44 16% Content
57 Universal Design for Learning (UDL) 0.43 16% Assessment & Planning
57 Matching Teaching to Learning Styles 0.43 16% Assessment & Planning
58 Student Help Seeking 0.41 16% Strategy
58 Advanced Organizers 0.41 16% Strategy
59 Bilingual Instruction (English Language Learners – ELL) 0.40 16% Content
60 Formative Assessment 0.39 15% Assessment & Planning
60 Curriculum Integration 0.39 15% Content
60 Productive Failure (Errors) 0.39 15% Strategy
60 Family Literacy Programs (Opportunities) 0.39 15% External
60 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 0.39 15% Technology
61 Math Manipulatives 0.38 14% Content
61 Music Instruction 0.38 14% Content
62 Parental Involvement with School 0.37 14% External
63 Student Friendship 0.36 13% Student
64 Professional Tutoring (Teacher) 0.35 13% Strategy
64 Career Interventions 0.35 13% External
65 Principal & School Leadership 0.33 13% External
65 ADD / ADHD Medication 0.33 13% External
65 School Size 0.33 13% External
67 Homework 0.29 11% Strategy
67 Digital Reading Instruction 0.29 11% Technology
68 School Counseling 0.27 10% External
68 Mindfulness Training 0.27 10% Strategy
68 After-School Programs 0.27 10% External
68 Teacher Feedback 0.27 10% Assessment & Planning
69 Teacher Coaching 0.25 9% Strategy
69 Building Quality 0.25 9% External
69 Calculators 0.25 9% Technology
69 Divorced vs. Non-Divorced Families 0.25 10% External
70 Distance Education 0.24 9% Technology
71 Religious Schools 0.23 9% External
71 Art Instruction 0.23 9% Content
71 Character Programs 0.23 9% Content
72 Home Visiting 0.22 8% External
72 Digital Tools in Science 0.22 8% Technology
73 Technology Clickers 0.21 8% Technology
73 Engaged Fathers vs. Disengaged Fathers 0.21 8% External
74 School Finance 0.20 8% External
75 Grading 0.19 7% Assessment & Planning
76 Team Teaching 0.18 7% Strategy
76 Teacher Mentoring 0.18 7% Assessment & Planning
77 Summer School 0.17 6% External
77 Positive Ethnic Identity 0.17 6% Student
78 Whole School Improvement Programs 0.16 6% Strategy
78 Single Gender Schools 0.16 6% External
78 1-to-1 Laptops 0.16 6% Technology
79 Reducing Class Size 0.14 5% External
79 Whole Language Literacy Approach 0.14 5% Content
80 Extrinsic Motivation (Praise, Grades, Positive Reinforcement) 0.13 5% Strategy
80 Teacher Subject Matter Knowledge 0.13 5% Assessment & Planning
80 Home Schooling 0.13 5% External
80 Vouchers 0.13 5% External
80 Perceptual Motor Programs 0.13 5% Content
80 Extracurricular Activities 0.13 5% External
81 Initial Teacher Education 0.12 4% External
82 Modifying School Calendar 0.11 4% External
82 Teacher Evaluation (Accountability Systems) 0.11 4% Assessment & Planning
82 Diversity of Student Body 0.11 4% External
83 Tracking (Ability Grouping) 0.08 3% Strategy
83 Background Music 0.08 3% Strategy
84 Grammar Instruction 0.07 2% Content
85 In vs. Out of Field Teaching 0.05 2% External
86 Charter Schools 0.04 1% External
86 Consolidation (Merge Schools) 0.04 1% External
86 Free School Meals 0.04 1% External
87 Lack of Sleep 0.03 1% External
87 Student Perfectionism 0.03 1% Student
88 School Choice 0.02 1% External
88 Classroom Aides 0.02 1% Strategy
88 Open Classrooms 0.02 1% Strategy
89 Magnet Schools 0.01 0% External
90 Parental Authoritarian Approach 0.00 0% External
91 Multi-Age Classrooms -0.01 0% Strategy
92 Merit Pay -0.02 -1% External
93 Summer Vacation Length -0.04 -2% External
93 Student Frustration -0.04 -2% Student
94 Poverty (Low Family SES) -0.12 -4% External
95 COVID -0.15 -5% External
95 TV Hours -0.15 -5% Technology
96 Suspension & Expulsion -0.20 -8% Assessment & Planning
97 Corporal Punishment -0.22 -8% External
98 Retention -0.23 -9% Assessment & Planning
99 Mobile Phone use in School -0.24 -9% Technology
100 Bullying Impact -0.27 -11% Student
101 Screen Time -0.28 -11% Technology
102 Non-Standard Dialect Use -0.29 -11% Student
103 Student Anxiety -0.30 -11% Student
104 Student Depression -0.37 -14% Student
105 Frequent Mobility -0.38 -14% External
106 Procrastination -0.40 -15% Student
106 Adverse Childhood Events -0.40 -15% Student
107 Excessive Teacher Lecture -0.42 -16% Strategy
107 Physical & Cognitive Syndromes -0.42 -16% External
108 Student Boredom -0.46 -18% Student
110 Illness -0.51 -19% Student
110 Student Absenteeism -0.52 -17% External
111 Informal Labeling of Students -0.53 -20% Assessment & Planning